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Domain Name Life Cycle :

Let’s be familiar with Domain Name Life Cycle. This is the cycle from the time it is first registered till it is deleted

Although the typical domain name life cycle is difficult to follow, however we’ve tried to simplify it for your reference

Below is an outlined phases of domain life cycle.

Active (1-10 Years): After the domain purchasing the domain is active for 10 years, depending upon length of subscription. The renewal is not more than 10 years.

On Hold (1-45 Days): If the registrar receives no response from the owner of the domain till 45 days it sends the delete command to the registry. The domain could continue to operate till 45 days depending upon registry and other factors.

Redemption Period (30 Days): After the period in hold status the domain name is kept in grace period in the registry. During this time the website is not working nor do the domain name is available to people to buy. It means the owner of the website gets the extra grace period to renew

Deletion(5 days): After the Final Delete command is sent the domain name is still is Shared Registry System and cannot be purchased by others. The original owner can still renew this domain

Available: Once the deletion completes, the name is released for purchase by the other public.

DNS
Domain Name System (or Service or Server), an Internet service that translates domain names into IP addresses. Because domain names are alphabetic, they’re easier to remember. The Internet however, is really based on IP addresses. Every time you use a domain name, therefore, a DNS service must translate the name into the corresponding IP address. For example, the domain name www.example.com might translate to 198.105.232.4.

The DNS system is, in fact, its own network. If one DNS server doesn’t know how to translate a particular domain name, it asks another one, and so on, until the correct IP address is returned.

Nameservers

Domain name servers translate domain names to IP addresses.
Human-readable names like “howstuffworks.com” are easy for people to remember, but they don’t do machines any good. All of the machines use names called IP addresses to refer to one another. For example, the machine that humans refer to as “www.howstuffworks.com” has the IP address 70.42.251.42. Every time you use a domain name, you use the Internet’s domain name servers (DNS) to translate the human-readable domain name into the machine-readable IP address.

Primary Nameserver

The primary nameserver is the machine where the records are edited and maintained through, and is held to be the final authority on the domain name. If there is an error here, it will propagate throughout the internet, so it is vitally important that the records on the primary nameserver be set up correctly.
These records are stored in something called a “zone file.” The zone file is a text file, stored on the nameservers, which contains all the technical information regarding the servers for the domain. All the authoritative nameservers need to have a matching copy of the zone file, since they are equally likely to be asked about the domain whether secondary or primary, though the file is only edited and maintained through the primary nameserver.

Secondary nameservers

The remaining nameserver or nameservers listed on the whois record transfer, or copy, the zone file from the primary nameserver. These nameservers are referred to as secondary, and ensure that the domain does not go off-line if there should happen to be a problem with the primary, and also makes resolution faster by allowing more than one option for finding authoritative information for the domain.

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Exploring Domain Status :

Before having a look at the domain status lets check out some definitions  which would help you out:

Registrar: It is a business that has the ability to register domain names on behalf of anyone interested in obtaining a domain name. The registrar maintains the information regarding each domain and manage registration, expiration and NIC fee collection process.

Registrant: Registrant is the person or organization registering a domain name, the registrant is also recorded as legal owner of the domain name.

Registry: A Domain registry is a database that contains information about every registered domain name. when you register a domain name every information regarding the domain is stored in the registry database. Different registries exist for different top level domains.

Lets see some of the states the domain would be in its lifetime.

Domain Status:

Active: The registry sets this status. This is the default or normal  status code at the registration time. The domains which are active are used for websites or for registering name servers. Active status denoted that the domain can be transferred from one registrar to another(After completing atleast 60 days with the current) registrar.

Registry-Lock: This status is a preventive step taken for security measures for the domain. This will lock the domain name at the registry level and  prevent it from being transferred, deleted or modified. It can be renewed  though.

Registrar-Lock: The Sponsoring registrar sets this status. The domain cannot be modified or deleted. The domain will be included in the zone

Registry-Hold: The registry sets this status. The domain cannot be modified or deleted. The domain will not be included in the zone.

Registrar-Hold: The sponsoring registrar sets this status. The domain cannot be modified or deleted. The domain can be renewed and it will not be included in the zone.

Redemption period: The registry sets this status when a registrar request that the domain name be deleted from the registry and the domain has been registered for more than 5 days. The domain will not be included in the zone, also cannot be modified it can only be restored. The domain will be held in this status for a maximum of 30 days.

Pending Restore: The registry sets this status after a registrar request restoration of a domain that is in REDEMPTIONPERIOD status. Registrar cannot modify or update domain. The domain will be included in the zone. The domain will be held in this status while the registry waits for the registrar to provide required restoration documentation. If the registrar fails to provide documentation to the registry within 7 calendar days to confirm the restoration request, the domain will revert to REDEMPTIONPERIOD status. The domain status will be set to ACTIVE only if the registrar provides documentation to the registry within 7 calendar days to confirm the restoration request.

Pending Delete: The registry sets this status after a domain has been set in REDEMPTIONPERIOD status and the domain has not been restored by the registrar. The domain will not be included in the zone. Once in this status all registrar requests to modify or otherwise update the domain will be rejected. The domain will be purged from the registry database after being in this status for 5 calendar days.

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Web Analytics.

It is the process of tracking , collecting and analyzing data of the visitors of the website. It provides the website owner about the visitors and its interaction with the website. This software helps the owner to calculate visits per keyword and it can also monitor visits from domain URLs such as google,yahoo,msn, other search engines. Website Analytics tells us if our website visitors came from paid listings, organic listings, email marketing campaigns, affiliate programs or other direct referrals. In sum, Website Analytics tracks visitors and marketing campaign efficiencies so that the return on your advertising investment can be optimized.

Awstats and google Analytics(GA):

These are the small utilities for analyzing data from internet. Data is visually presented within reports by tables and bar graphs. These tools are referred as web analytics reporting tool.

Lets take an overview of both.

Awstats is included in Cpanel and GA is a third party plug-in which can be added to your site. Awstats uses the technology called log file analysis, whereas GA uses page tagging which uses JavaScript on each page to notify a third –party server when a page is rendered by a web browser. The difference between these two technologies is because of two reasons mentioned below.

Caching File : If a visitor has a file caching enabled on his web browser then the request to the file he already visited will not be sent to the server and the local copy will be visited. As the result Awstats will not detect the second visit or we can say the preceding visits.

Page Tagging: It relies on Visitors web browser providing the analytical information

Now, The advantage of logfile analysis is that the data is already logged by your webserver. Each visit is rcorded by the web server. So the data is directly stored on the server not relying on third party server.Also,it also provides the information about visits from search engines and spiders which is useful in SEO.

Pagetagging has its own advantages, javascript is called evrytime the page is loaded.Its easy to record the visitors information even if they are loading the pages locally from cache.

You can use this two at the same time

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Unlimited Domains:

Once you grow with your business you need to add more domains to your account. Why not make sure about the domains you will be allowed to host under a single website. Many of the hosting companies provides unlimited domains and sub domains.

Let’s have a look at benefits of Unlimited Domain hosting:

• You can host unlimited no of Domains and Sub domains within a single website.
• Unlimited domains in fact have there own FTP, email, database etc.
• This facility provides you an option to grow online.
• You can add as many domains as you can without additional cost, the only thing is keeping traffick, Disk space and other resources which would be shared in mind.

What is Domain parking?

Domain Parking is pointing a domain to another domain existing on the server. Consider you have a domain abc.com and another domain xyz.com. suppose you have parked xyz.com on abc.com  and u access xyz.com you will see the same page as abc.com. The name servers of parked and the main domain point to same name servers.

What is Add on Domain?

Addon domain is as good as a new Website. The add on domain will be hosted or pointed to a folder in public_html folder of your main domain. This is feature provided by the hosting provider, which allows to host multiple domains on single hosting account. This feature allows you to reach a sub domain directly by entering the name of add on domain. You can add multiple domains and remove them from the  addon domain maintenance menu. The addon domain are listed under current addon domains.

Please remember that the add on domains should be already registered and name servers for the addon domain pointing to same name servers as of your main domain.

Consider the following example :

You have addon domain named add.com and your main domain is main.com. you can access in three ways.

1 add.com
2. main.com/add
3. add.main.com

What is Sub Domain?

Sub domain utilizes the existence main domain name. It does not have its own domain name. A sub domain points to a folder in Public_html directort of your main domain.

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There are many companies which provide hosting for small as well as big business. How would you decide which company is best for you? You can follow these rules while choosing your winner.

1) Backups – Daily basis: Please look for this option keeping your eyes open while choosing a web host. This service should be provided free of charge.

2) Uptime- Uptime percentage should be 99.5 %. Online business is very sensitive, you never know when your customer is looking for you. So you should be there 24×7 ready for them. So a small business hosting should be reliable.

3) Speed : Customers are seriously worried about speed , so you should be very keen of how fast the servers are. Usually when server is shared by many other sites, server may get bogged down. Bandwidth is a major factor in this.

Processor speed is also a very important . Video, Audio Streaming, Disscussion forum, message boards, online surveys all require a large amount of memory and a good access speed

4) Technical Support – We all know nobody can run away from problems, they arrive anytime, anywhere without invitation. So we should be pretty sure about the technical team that is going to encounter these problems. Just make sure the technical support team is available 24×7.

5) Security  -  Protecting your data from unwanted intrusion and malwares is a basic need when your site is up. Please make sure your Webhost does outline security protocols. We all know hacking and cracking the site has become famous these days. We should be prepared to prevent our site.

6) Money Back Guarantee – Having such option is important. When things do wrong , infact worse and you are help less this option can get you some relief .

It takes month to find a customer and takes second to loose one. So please consider the points outlined above and make sure you are on the right way of find you success partner.

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Virtualization , Parallel Virtuozzo Containers and VZFS .

OS Virtualization : It means Virtualization at OS or Kernel Level. This creates isolated containers on a single physical server and OS instance to utilize hardware, software, datacenter and management efforts with maximum efficiency.

In short we can say that it creates a separate runtime environments all within the same overall OS.

What is Parallel Virtuozzo Containers?

Parallels Virtuozzo Containers is a patented OS virtualization solution. Virtuozzo Containers 4.0 creates isolated partitions or Containers on a single physical server and OS instance to utilize hardware, software, data center and management effort with maximum efficiency.

Parallel Containers runs the same OS kernel as the host system (Linux / Windows ,etc.). This single-kernel implementation technology allows to run Containers with a almost zero overhead. Thus, Virtuozzo Containers offer higher efficiency and manageability than traditional virtualization technologies.

Lets See the File system of this technology.

Virtuozzo File System (VZFS):

VZFS is a file system that shares common files among multiple Containers with flexibility. It is allows users to modify, update, replace, and delete shared files. When a user modifies a shared file, VZFS creates a private copy of the file transparently for the user. Thus, the modifications do not affect the other users of the file.

Benefits of VZFS are as following:

• It saves memory required for executables and libraries.
• Sharing memory improves scalability and total system performance.
• Disk quota enables the administrator to limit disk resources available to a Container on-the-fly, in the same manner as the standard disk quota system works on a per-user basis. Disk quota for users and groups inside Containers is also supported.
• It saves disk space. A typical Linux server installation occupies several hundred MBytes of disk space. Sharing the files allows you to save up to 90% of disk space;
• VZFS does not require having different physical partitions for different Containers or creating a special “file system in a file” setup for a Container. This significantly simplifies disk administration

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What is Virtuozzo Technology?

Virtuozzo is a software application for enterprise server virtualization that allows an administrator to create virtual environments on a host computer at the operating system (OS) layer.

Virtuozzo includes Kernel Service Abstraction Layer (KSAL) that manages access to the kernel.It prevents from entire server being down because of a single VPS.

Shortly speaking Virtuozzo is an automated software used for virtualisation.

Some of its main features:

1)Dynamic Real time Partitioning: Virtuozzo enables us to partition a single physical server into multiple (up to 100) VPS (Virtual Private Server) with functionality like a dedicated server.

2) Virtualization : By using virtuozzo you can easily migrate your VPS without any downtime.

3)Resource Management : It provides us the ability to control,account , monitor, report and manage CPU, Memory, Disk, Network I/O and multiple other System Resources based on pre-regulated barriers, limitations, guarantees or shares for every single VPS Hosting.

4) Mass Management : Multiple of VPS’s on a node can be managed easily as a single server as well as many physical servers can be managed

centrally through the VZMC (Virtuozzo Management Console).

Lets see Architecture for Virtuozzo:

Virtuozzo’s architecture eliminates system calls between layers, which reduces CPU usage overhead dramatically.

Virtuozzo’s architecture eliminates system calls between layers, which reduces CPU usage overhead dramatically.

Sharing of libraries  makes it possible for administrators to put thousands of VPSs on the same machine.

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Virtual Private Server (VPS) gives users a virtual dedicated environment. It is a method of partitioning a physical server computer into multiple servers.

Each virtual server can run its own full-fledged operating system, and each server can be independently rebooted. Unlike VPS in dedicated hosting the client leases an entire physical server not shared with anyone.

Simply speaking, a VPS simulates a Private server where a owner can deploy the software needed to continue the business. However this is not possible with the shared hosting plans, where you are limited to the software options provided the hosting company which include the database, and other utilities you use.

Over few years VPS have been steadily changing the hosting landscape and gained corporate attention.

Just read if the following statements help in your choice of option:

o Dedicated Server not affordable, but you need many of the features of dedicated server.

o Need more resources than the cheaper plans, resources like CPU, RAM.etc

o You know exactly what is to be done on the server.

o Need to run few softwares on the server which are not allowed on the shared plans.

o you are not comfortable with the server where many other websites are hosted

USES OF VPS :

We can say that VPS is an hosting package which gives you the features intermediate between Dedicated and shared hosting services, where you get independence from other VPS users and at a lower cost than dedicated server. The Owner has Super user access as VPS runs the own copy of operating system and also can install almost all softwares that OS supports. Due to their isolated nature, VPSes have become common sandboxes for possibly insecure public services or update testing.

Virtual private servers are also sometimes employed as honeypots, allowing a machine to deliberately run software with known security flaws without endangering the rest of the server. Multiple honeypots can be quickly set up via VPSes in this fashion.

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Steps to prevent Virus: Outlook express 6

With Outlook Express 6, internet zone is restricted and enables only active contents to run, hence it is important to amend the default settings

For customization in IE Security Zone :

- Open Outlook Express
- Click on Tools Menu - Options
- Click Security Tab and then Click Restricted Zone
- Click Ok to close options dialogue box
- Start IE, click on Internet Options and click on Security
- Click Custom Level and apply the changes.

Reading messaged in Plain Text :

- In SP1, configure Outlook express to read emails in plain Text Format
- Start Outlook Express
- Click on Tools and Options
- Click Read tab and select Read all messages in plain text
- Click on Ok

Sending emails only on Approval:

In this case, if Outlook Express is set as mail handler, it will process requests by using Simple MAPI calls (Messaging Application Programming Interface). This function is used by Virus and send copies of email messages that will contain virus to your email contacts. In case Of Outlook Express 6, email’s are prevented from sending without approval.

IE Unsafe list to filter Email attachments :

- Start Outlook Express, click on Options
- Click Security Tabs and select “Do not allow attachments”

In Outlook Express 6, it checks for unsafe attachments and only if it’s safe, it will download / open with the email messages.

Add additional files to remove from Unsafe list :

- Click on Start
- Then click on Control Panel
- Double-click Folder Options
- Select File Type to be allowed or blocked and then clicked on Advanced.
- In order to add new, click on New - In Create New Extension dialogue box, file extension should be typed and added to unsafe list.
- Click on OK

We can categorize spam in a specific folder .  Because Outlook Express 6 does not allow you to define rules that apply to the message header.

Dr.Web Anti virus

Dr.Web Anti virus is the best software that scans each and every email, once the mail is send using SMTP server it contains virus which is likely to be spread from the sender to the receiver however, we can configure Dr.Web anti virus to scan all emails routed to the POP3 server.

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Microsoft outlook login failure

SSH your server using putty and fire the fowling commands,

rm -f /etc/xinetd.d/pop3
/scripts/courierup –force
/etc/init.d/courierimap restart

This will clear the previous logs and re-enable your connection.

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